Constrained reinforcement learning (RL) is an area of RL whose objective is to find an optimal policy that maximizes expected cumulative return while satisfying a given constraint. Most of the previous constrained RL works consider expected cumulative sum cost as the constraint. However, optimization with this constraint cannot guarantee a target probability of outage event that the cumulative sum cost exceeds a given threshold. This paper proposes a framework, named Quantile Constrained RL (QCRL), to constrain the quantile of the distribution of the cumulative sum cost that is a necessary and sufficient condition to satisfy the outage constraint. This is the first work that tackles the issue of applying the policy gradient theorem to the quantile and provides theoretical results for approximating the gradient of the quantile. Based on the derived theoretical results and the technique of the Lagrange multiplier, we construct a constrained RL algorithm named Quantile Constrained Policy Optimization (QCPO). We use distributional RL with the Large Deviation Principle (LDP) to estimate quantiles and tail probability of the cumulative sum cost for the implementation of QCPO. The implemented algorithm satisfies the outage probability constraint after the training period.

在本文中，我们认为合作的多代理强化学习（MARL）具有稀疏的奖励。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种名为Maser：MARL的新方法，并具有从经验重播缓冲区产生的子目标。在广泛使用的集中式培训的假设下，通过分散执行和对MARL的Q值分解的一致性，Maser通过考虑单个Q值和总Q值来自动为多个代理人生成适当的子目标。然后，Maser根据与Q学习相关的可行表示为每个代理设计个人固有奖励，以便代理人达到其子目标，同时最大化联合行动值。数值结果表明，与其他最先进的MARL算法相比，Maser的表现明显优于Starcraft II微管理基准。

在本文中，我们提出了一个健壮的模仿学习（IL）框架，该框架在扰动环境动态时改善了IL的稳健性。在单个环境中训练的现有IL框架可能会因环境动力学的扰动而灾难性地失败，因为它无法捕获可以更改潜在环境动态的情况。我们的框架有效地处理了具有不同动态的环境，通过模仿了采样环境动力学中的多个专家，以增强环境动力学的一般变化中的鲁棒性。为了强力模仿多个样本专家，我们将代理商政策与每个样本专家之间的Jensen-Shannon分歧降低了风险。数值结果表明，与常规IL基准相比，我们的算法显着提高了针对动力学扰动的鲁棒性。

本文提出了一种新的序列模型学习架构，用于解决部分可观察到的马尔可夫决策问题。而不是在基于传统的复发性神经网络的方法中压缩在每个时间步骤中的顺序信息，所提出的架构在每个数据块中生成一个潜变量，其长度是多个时间步来，并将最相关的信息传递给策略优化的下一个块。所提出的障碍顺序模型是基于自我关注来实现的，使得能够以部分可观察的设置进行详细顺序学习的模型。所提出的模型建立了一个额外的学习网络，以通过使用自归一化重要性采样有效地实现梯度估计，这在模型学习中不需要复杂的群体输入数据重建。数值结果表明，该方法在各种部分可观察环境中显着优于先前的方法。

在本文中，我们提出了一种用于增强学习（RL）的最大熵框架，以克服在无模型基于样本的学习中实现最大熵RL的软演员 - 评论权（SAC）算法的限制。尽管在未来的最大熵RL指南学习政策中，未来的高熵达到国家，所提出的MAX-MIN熵框架旨在学会访问低熵的国家，并最大限度地提高这些低熵状态的熵，以促进更好的探索。对于一般马尔可夫决策过程（MDP），基于勘探和剥削的解剖学，在提议的MAX-MIN熵框架下构建了一种有效的算法。数值结果表明，该算法对目前最先进的RL算法产生了剧烈性能改进。

In robotics and computer vision communities, extensive studies have been widely conducted regarding surveillance tasks, including human detection, tracking, and motion recognition with a camera. Additionally, deep learning algorithms are widely utilized in the aforementioned tasks as in other computer vision tasks. Existing public datasets are insufficient to develop learning-based methods that handle various surveillance for outdoor and extreme situations such as harsh weather and low illuminance conditions. Therefore, we introduce a new large-scale outdoor surveillance dataset named eXtremely large-scale Multi-modAl Sensor dataset (X-MAS) containing more than 500,000 image pairs and the first-person view data annotated by well-trained annotators. Moreover, a single pair contains multi-modal data (e.g. an IR image, an RGB image, a thermal image, a depth image, and a LiDAR scan). This is the first large-scale first-person view outdoor multi-modal dataset focusing on surveillance tasks to the best of our knowledge. We present an overview of the proposed dataset with statistics and present methods of exploiting our dataset with deep learning-based algorithms. The latest information on the dataset and our study are available at https://github.com/lge-robot-navi, and the dataset will be available for download through a server.

Springs are efficient in storing and returning elastic potential energy but are unable to hold the energy they store in the absence of an external load. Lockable springs use clutches to hold elastic potential energy in the absence of an external load but have not yet been widely adopted in applications, partly because clutches introduce design complexity, reduce energy efficiency, and typically do not afford high-fidelity control over the energy stored by the spring. Here, we present the design of a novel lockable compression spring that uses a small capstan clutch to passively lock a mechanical spring. The capstan clutch can lock up to 1000 N force at any arbitrary deflection, unlock the spring in less than 10 ms with a control force less than 1 % of the maximal spring force, and provide an 80 % energy storage and return efficiency (comparable to a highly efficient electric motor operated at constant nominal speed). By retaining the form factor of a regular spring while providing high-fidelity locking capability even under large spring forces, the proposed design could facilitate the development of energy-efficient spring-based actuators and robots.

This paper proposes a new regularization algorithm referred to as macro-block dropout. The overfitting issue has been a difficult problem in training large neural network models. The dropout technique has proven to be simple yet very effective for regularization by preventing complex co-adaptations during training. In our work, we define a macro-block that contains a large number of units from the input to a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). Rather than applying dropout to each unit, we apply random dropout to each macro-block. This algorithm has the effect of applying different drop out rates for each layer even if we keep a constant average dropout rate, which has better regularization effects. In our experiments using Recurrent Neural Network-Transducer (RNN-T), this algorithm shows relatively 4.30 % and 6.13 % Word Error Rates (WERs) improvement over the conventional dropout on LibriSpeech test-clean and test-other. With an Attention-based Encoder-Decoder (AED) model, this algorithm shows relatively 4.36 % and 5.85 % WERs improvement over the conventional dropout on the same test sets.

Many real-world applications of language models (LMs), such as code autocomplete and writing assistance, involve human-LM interaction, but the main LM benchmarks are non-interactive, where a system produces output without human intervention. To evaluate human-LM interaction, we develop a framework, Human-AI Language-based Interaction Evaluation (H-LINE), that expands non-interactive evaluation along three dimensions, capturing (i) the interactive process, not only the final output; (ii) the first-person subjective experience, not just a third-party assessment; and (iii) notions of preference beyond quality. We then design five tasks ranging from goal-oriented to open-ended to capture different forms of interaction. On four state-of-the-art LMs (three variants of OpenAI's GPT-3 and AI21's J1-Jumbo), we find that non-interactive performance does not always result in better human-LM interaction and that first-person and third-party metrics can diverge, suggesting the importance of examining the nuances of human-LM interaction.

Vision transformers (ViTs) have achieved impressive results on various computer vision tasks in the last several years. In this work, we study the capability of frozen ViTs, pretrained only on visual data, to generalize to audio-visual data without finetuning any of its original parameters. To do so, we propose a latent audio-visual hybrid (LAVISH) adapter that adapts pretrained ViTs to audio-visual tasks by injecting a small number of trainable parameters into every layer of a frozen ViT. To efficiently fuse visual and audio cues, our LAVISH adapter uses a small set of latent tokens, which form an attention bottleneck, thus, eliminating the quadratic cost of standard cross-attention. Compared to the existing modality-specific audio-visual methods, our approach achieves competitive or even better performance on various audio-visual tasks while using fewer tunable parameters and without relying on costly audio pretraining or external audio encoders. Our code is available at https://genjib.github.io/project_page/LAVISH/